Which theory posits that behavior is learned through observation?

The theory that posits behavior is learned through observation is social learning theory. This theory, which was primarily developed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the importance of observing, modeling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. It suggests that people can learn new behaviors without direct experience through the influences of role models, rather than through traditional reinforcement methods.

Social learning theory highlights the significance of cognitive processes in understanding how learning occurs. For instance, it asserts that attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation are critical components in the learning process through observation. When individuals observe a behavior performed by someone else, they may imitate that behavior if they see it being rewarded or if they identify with the model demonstrating the behavior.

This distinct emphasis on observation and modeling differentiates social learning theory from other approaches. Behavioral theory, for instance, focuses more on direct reinforcement and punishment rather than on learning through observation. Cognitive theory centers on internal processes such as thoughts and perceptions, while humanistic theory emphasizes individual potential and self-actualization, rather than observational learning.